1. Pleura
2. Lungs
3. Bronchopulmonary segments
4. Trachea and bronchi
5. Hila
6. Pulmonary vasculature and lymphatic drainage
7. Mediastinum
8. Diaphragm
9. Development

1. Anatomical barriers including epithelial cell function
2. Reflex mechanisms (sneezing, cough and smooth muscle contraction)
3. Mucociliary clearance and fluid homeostasis

1. Physiology of tidal breathing: active inspiration and passive expiration
2. Relative elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall
3. Lung volumes
4. The Rahn diagram and transpulmonary pressures

1. Normal pulmonary vascular pressures and flows
2. Active hypoxic regulation of the pulmonary circulation
3. Non-invasive evaluation of the pulmonary circulation

1. Control systems
2. Peripheral chemoreceptors
3. Central chemoreceptors
4. Neural organisation in the brain stem for control of respiration
5. Testing the control system
6. Ventilatory responses to CO2
7. The hypoxic ventilatory response
8. Interaction between hypoxic and hypercapnic responses
9. Disturbances in the control of breathing
10. Control of breathing in pulmonary diseases
11. Type 1 respiratory failure
12. Type 2 respiratory failure
13. Respiratory stimulants

1. Airway resistance
2. Lung and chest wall compliance
3. Measurement of respiratory mechanics in mechanical ventilation
4. Respiratory muscle strength: maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, Magnetic twitch pressure

1. Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO)
2. Definition
3. Technique
4. Calculation of TLCO and measurement of the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO)
5. Implications of KCO × VA = TLCO
6. Transfer factor of the lung for nitric oxide (TLNO) and TLCO/TLNO measurement

1. ABG:
   1. Step 1: evaluation of the utility of ABG, capillary blood gas and venous blood gas
   2. Step 2: diagnosis of A-B disorders: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH
   3. Step 3: more on A-B disorders: importance of the D(A-a) difference, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), the alveolar gas equation and measuring oxygen shunts
2. ABG analysis
   1. Principles of measured and calculated ABG data
   2. Physiology and pathophysiology of oxygenation, carbon dioxide removal and acid-base homeostasis
   3. Assessment and appropriate use of ABG data during the diagnostic process
   4. Calculation of secondary parameters such as the A-aO2 gradient, PaO2/FiO2 ratio and anion gap
   5. Selection of appropriate treatment to correct ABG abnormalities

1. Spirometry interpretation:
   1. Interpret the flow-volume loop (by shape)
   2. Pulmonary function testing to assess respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, including spirometry, flow-volume studies, lung volumes and diffusing capacity
2. Measurement principles of flow spirometry, body plethysmography, gas dilution methods and diffusion capacity including all measured (primary) and calculated (secondary) parameters

1. Sensation of dyspnoea
   1. Pathophysiology of dyspnoea sensation
   2. Quantification of dyspnoea sensation
   3. Treatment for dyspnoea sensation
2. Thoracic pain/tightness
3. Cough and sputum
4. Systemic symptoms

1. End-of-life relief of dyspnoea by:
   1. Drug administration
   2. NIV
   3. High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO)
   4. Discuss end-of-life decisions with patients and their relatives

1. Oxygen transport and utilisation
   1. Mechanisms involved in oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation
   2. Clinical conditions that compromise oxygen transport and utilisation
   3. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at improving oxygen transport and utilisation
   4. Physiology oxygen delivery (i.e. cardiac output × arterial oxygen content)
   5. Early recognition and treatment of generalised or local hypoxia/hypoxaemia
   6. Differentiation between oxygen saturation (SaO2) and pO2 in blood gas analysis (BGA)
   7. Proactive attitude in early recognition and management
2. Practical skills: modes and principles of oxygen supplementation
   1. Oxygen uptake and delivery
   2. Indications and contraindications for oxygen therapy
   3. Gas pressure and liquid oxygen systems as well as oxygen blenders
   4. Different probe systems used to administer oxygen during spontaneous breathing, including their impact on FiO2
   5. Oxygen humidification
   6. Appropriate selection of an oxygen system, flow rate and FiO2
   7. Appropriate selection of tests to monitor oxygen supplementation
   8. Selection of appropriate patients for HFNO, excluding patients who require (non)invasive ventilation or low-flow oxygen

1. Indications for NIV
2. Contraindications for NIV
3. Side effects and complications of NIV
4. Continuous positive airway pressure
5. Failure of NIV
6. Humidification during NIV
7. Circuits
8. Synchronies/dyssynchronies during NIV
9. Ventilator modes and parameters
10. Technical maintenance
11. Withdrawal of NIV
12. Interfaces for NIV

1. Principles of IVM in the general intensive care unit (ICU) population
2. Principles of IMV in ICU patients with specific pulmonary conditions (e.g. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS))
3. Modes of ventilation and their indications and principles of intelligent modes of ventilation.
4. Effects of positive airway pressure on gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and haemodynamics
5. Ventilation modes (e.g. assist versus assisted modes, and auto-modes)
6. Interpretation of flow and pressure curves
7. Types of humidification systems and their indications
8. Indications for nebulisation of bronchodilators and mucolytic drugs
9. Nebulisation systems and their advantages and disadvantages
10. Adjustment of ventilator settings to:
    1. Optimise gas exchange according to BGA
    2. Prevent haemodynamic compromise
    3. Minimise the risks of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)
11. Titrate positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) according to different methods
12. Initiate and set the right level of PEEP
13. Diagnosis and recognition of barotrauma
14. Management of barotrauma (pneumothorax)
15. Effectively communicate with patients about the risks and benefits of invasive ventilation versus NIV
16. General principles of monitoring
17. Pressure and volumes (applied)
18. Hazards of mechanical ventilation
19. Patient-ventilator interaction
20. Rescue
21. IMV in specific patient groups
22. Weaning
23. Long-term complications

1. Chest tube insertion, maintenance of the tube and drainage systems and insertion of a decompression needle for tension pneumothorax
2. Indications, contraindications and risks of chest tube insertion and needle decompression
3. Anatomic sites for tube placement or needle insertion
4. Different thoracentesis systems (open preparation versus trocar tubes)
5. Drainage and suction systems
6. Perform chest tube insertion and needle decompression
7. Manage complications as appropriate with support from different specialties

1. Evaluation, differential diagnosis, immediate management steps, first-line treatment and specific conditions
2. Diagnosis and first-line treatment of:
   1. Massive pulmonary bleeding
   2. Massive pulmonary embolism
   3. Acute pulmonary oedema
   4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
   5. Tension pneumothorax
   6. Tracheal stenosis

1. Pathophysiology of asthma
2. Status asthmaticus
3. Principles of recognition of status asthmaticus
4. Indications for oxygen therapy, NIV and intubation
5. Pharmacology and side effects of anti-asthmatic drugs
6. Principles of delivery of and response to aerosol therapy
7. Possible complications of status asthmaticus (e.g. pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum) and their management
8. Indications for non-pharmacological treatment (e.g. oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation)
9. Provision of outpatient and inpatient care as well as emergency and ICU treatment
10. Translation of national and international management recommendations for status asthmaticus to individualised management
11. Recognition and management of patients at risk of life-threatening asthma requiring intubation
12. Mechanical ventilation of status asthmaticus patients
13. Knowledge of emergency therapeutic strategies

1. Hospital-acquired and opportunistic infections in critically ill patients
2. Most frequent infections acquired in the ICU, their predisposing factors including immunosuppression, their diagnostic criteria, the most frequent etiologic pathogens and recommended empiric treatment for each infection
3. Detection and diagnosis of these patients
4. Implementation of appropriate diagnostic methods
5. Appropriate selection of empiric treatment
6. Most frequent support measures in critically ill and immunosuppressed patients, including haemotherapy, antimicrobial treatment and life support measures such as mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, renal replacement therapy and immunostimulation
7. Establishment of indications for each support measure and selection of the most appropriate measure in each clinical condition

1. Detection and diagnosis of these patients
2. Implementation of appropriate diagnostic methods
3. Selection of empiric treatment

1. Identify immunotherapy and diffuse metastasis as causes of respiratory failure
2. Discuss the appropriateness of mechanical ventilation for patients with lung cancer during the diagnostic process

1. Pathophysiology of pleural effusions (exudates versus transudate)
2. Differential diagnosis of pleural effusion
3. Laboratory diagnostic tests for pleural effusion
4. Principles of therapy for pleural effusion (diuretics and thoracic drainage)
5. Various drainage devices for use as chest tubes
6. Translating national and international guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion to individualised management
7. Performing ultrasound of the pleural space to establish the diagnosis of pleural effusion
8. Performing thoracentesis in patients with pleural effusion
9. Inserting a drainage tube

1. Pathophysiology of pneumothorax
2. Diagnosis and treatment of pneumothorax
3. Recognition of pneumothorax using imaging techniques
4. Treatment of pneumothorax according to national and international guidelines

1. Differentiate between cardiac and pulmonary disease as a cause of ARF
2. Describe the differential diagnosis of cardiac causes of ARF
3. Basic principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring (e.g. pulmonary artery catheter)
4. Cardiovascular effect of positive pressure ventilation

1. Sleep-disordered breathing
   1. Physiology and pathophysiology of sleep relevant to ARF
   2. Diagnosis and screening of obstructive sleep apnoea, upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation
   3. Interpretation of blood gases and other tests for sleep-disordered breathing
   4. Recognition of obesity as a cause of weaning failure in obese patients
2. Management of obese patients
   1. Pathophysiologic effects of morbid obesity on the respiratory system (upper airways, respiratory mechanics and central respiratory drive)
   2. Principles of drug dosing in morbidly obese patients
   3. Recognition of obesity as a reason for respiratory impairment
   4. Interpretation of BGA and polysomnography results
   5. Initiation of non-invasive respiratory treatment
   6. Initiation of therapy in obese patients
   7. Associated respiratory problems

1. Identify acute ILD as a cause of ARF
2. Differential diagnosis and optimal testing
3. Choose the optimal treatment
4. Prognostication of the identified ILD

1. Identify smoke inhalation and burns as causes of respiratory failure
2. Assessment of the degree of severity of pulmonary involvement
3. Optimal treatment of inhalation injury, including systemic effects

1. Identify acute ILD as a cause of ARF
2. Differential diagnosis and optimal testing
3. Choose the optimal treatment
4. Prognostication of the identified ILD

1. Integration of physiological and biological data in the ICU
2. Automated interpretation of big data in the ICU

1. Anatomical barriers
2. Reflex mechanisms (sneezing, cough and dyspnoea)
3. Mucociliary clearance and fluid homeostasis
4. Innate defence molecules
5. Professional phagocytes/antigen-presenting cells
6. Adaptive immunity and cytokine/chemokine production
7. Granuloma formation

1. Control systems
2. Peripheral chemoreceptors
3. Central chemoreceptors
4. Testing the control system
5. Ventilatory responses to CO2
6. The hypoxic ventilatory response
7. Interaction between hypoxic and hypercapnic responses
8. Disturbances in the control of breathing
9. Control of breathing in pulmonary diseases
10. Type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure
11. Respiratory stimulants

1. Ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide
2. Estimation of the ventilatory response to hypoxia
3. Respiratory muscles

1. Airway resistance
2. Body plethysmography
3. Interrupter technique
4. Forced oscillation technique
5. Lung compliance
6. Measurement of respiratory mechanics (total lung capacity with He (TLC He), total lung capacity with plethysmography (TLC pleth) and total lung capacity with N2 (TLC N2)) and the usefulness of the alveolar volume (AV)/total lung capacity (TLC) ratio
7. Respiratory muscle strength: maximum inspiratory power, maximum expiratory power and sniff nasal inspiratory power

1. Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO)
2. Definition
3. Technique
4. Calculation of TLCO and measurement of the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO)
5. Transfer factor of the lung for nitric oxide (TLNO) and TLCO/TLNO measurement

1. Step 1: evaluation of the utility of ABG and capillary blood gas
2. Step 2: diagnosis of A-B disorders: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH
3. Step 3: more on A-B disorders: importance of the D(A-a) difference, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) the alveolar gas equation and measuring oxygen shunts

1. Exercise protocols
2. Maximal incremental text
3. Constant work rate tests
4. Walking tests
5. Indications for and basic interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing
6. Exercise variables and indexes

1. Interpreting lung volume
2. Grading the severity of airflow obstruction or restriction after adoption of Z scores

1. General symptoms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and extrapulmonary involvement in some ILDs such as sarcoidosis and connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated ILD (CTD-ILD)
2. Vasculitides, extrapulmonary involvement and ILDs
3. CTD
4. Rare lung diseases such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

1. Velcro and extrapulmonary signs/symptoms
2. Signs of right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension

1. Principles of palliative care
2. Early integration of palliative care, multidisciplinary care and communication

1. Prescription according to current statements and guidelines
2. Oxygen toxicity
3. Criteria for long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in patients with ILD
4. Ambulatory oxygen

1. General aspects of preventative measures (vaccination, sports, etc.)
2. Weight reduction
3. Exercise
4. Influenza vaccination
5. Pneumococcal vaccination
6. Specific preventative management

1. Smoking cessation
2. ILD and emphysema
3. ILD and lung cancer

1. Limitations of assisted ventilation in advanced cases
2. High-flow oxygen
3. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
4. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation

1. Indications and contraindications for lung transplantation
2. Indications for early referral
3. Indications for lung transplantation in patients with systemic diseases

1. Differential diagnosis of respiratory emergencies
2. IPF exacerbation
3. Acute exacerbation of ILDs

1. Early referral to a specialist ILD centre
2. Multidisciplinary diagnosis for ILD

Diffuse parenchymal lung disorders manifesting with acute lung injury

1. Acute exacerbation of IPF in patients already known to be affected by IPF
2. Identification of patients with IPF and significant emphysema
   1. CT scan features
   2. Pulmonary function tests focusing on the discrepancy between volume preservation and significant reduction of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO)

1. General clinical overview
2. Pathogenesis
3. Treatment

1. General clinical overview
2. Pathogenesis
3. Treatment

1. General clinical overview
2. Pathogenesis
3. Treatment

1. Knowledge of existence
2. General clinical aspects
3. Pathogenesis
4. Treatment

1. General aspects of drug-induced disease
2. Pathogenesis
3. Treatment

1. Radiation-induced disease

1. Clinical aspects
2. Pathogenesis
3. Treatment

1. Definition
2. Clinical aspects
3. Pathogenesis
4. Treatment

1. Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension
2. Pharmacological treatment of pulmonary hypertension according to the underlying disease
3. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension
4. Translating national and international management guidelines to an individual patient
5. Appropriate decisions for referral and transfer to specialised referral centres

1. Definition of the main entities
2. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
3. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)
4. Microscopic polyangiitis

1. General aspects of ILD caused by dusts of biologic origin

1. General aspects of asbestos-related conditions other than bronchopulmonary cancer (but including mesothelioma)

1. General aspects of epidemiological and statistical methods for critical appraisal

1. Anatomy and development
   1. Surface anatomy of lung lobes and basic bronchial and lung anatomy
2. Applied respiratory physiology and pathophysiology (including common respiratory symptoms)
   1. Physiological principles underlying flow-volume curves, measurement of lung volumes and bronchial lability
   2. Physiology of breathing
   3. Ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange and oxygen transport and how these relate to clinical findings and management
   4. Pathophysiology that explains wheeze, stridor, snoring, airway tone, cough and crackles
   5. Physiology of sleep: basic respiratory physiological changes during rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep
3. Immunology and defence mechanisms
   1. Adaptive immunity and hypersensitivity reactions
   2. Innate immunity and mucosal defence mechanisms in the respiratory tract
4. Environmental determinants of respiratory health and disease in childhood
   1. Environmental effect on respiratory health, particularly cigarette smoke exposure, indoor and outdoor air pollution and the early-life environment

1. Acute and chronic cough
   1. Current published guidelines
   2. Clinical evaluation of isolated cough and knowledge of when to refer a patient for specialist assessment
2. Stridor, wheezing and other respiratory noises
   1. Distinguish different forms of noisy breathing
   2. Undertake clinical evaluation of noisy breathing in different age groups
   3. Know when to suspect functional stridor/vocal cord dysfunction and when to refer a patient
3. Assessment and management of a breathless or dyspnoeic child
4. Respiratory distress and respiratory insufficiency
   1. Clinical signs of respiratory insufficiency in children with and without underlying disorders
   2. Detailed interpretation of blood gas analysis
5. Common causes of haemoptysis and the diagnostic approach
6. Questionnaires in clinical assessment
   1. Validity and reliability of questionnaires as clinical, epidemiological and research tools
   2. Application of questionnaires in clinical practice
   3. Comprehension of reasons why some parents and patients may have difficulties in completing questionnaires

1. Volume-time and flow-volume curves in school-age children
   1. Reversibility testing in school-age children
   2. Awareness and application of American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) standards
   3. Recognise disease-specific abnormalities in the flow-volume curve
   4. Recognise technical limitations in the performance of spirometry
2. Bronchial provocation testing: referral of school-age children for bronchoprovocation testing
3. Indications for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
4. Performance, supervision and interpretation of blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry
5. Hygiene and infection control during test procedures
   1. Understands how to avoid cross-infection during spirometric testing
6. Definitions of measured indices
   1. Definitions and significance of spirometric lung function indices
   2. Integration of the test results for diagnosis and management of a patient
7. Choice and appropriate use of reference values
   1. Basis of reference equations for lung function and the concept of z scores
   2. Importance of reference values for the correct interpretation of results
8. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements
   1. Understands how measurements of exhaled nitric oxide contribute to diagnosis and management
9. Assessing the respiratory risk of air travel, high altitude and diving (knowledge only)
   1. Principles of fitness-to-fly (FTF) testing
   2. Knowledge of which patients should be referred for FTF testing
10. Awareness of the role of specialist tests
    1. Multiple breath washout test
    2. Transfer factor
    3. Impedance oscillometry
    4. Body plethysmography
    5. Lung clearance index

1. Identification of when to refer a patient for airway endoscopy

1. Principles of conventional radiography and ultrasonography
   1. Indications for and advantages and limitations of different imaging methods and ability to select the most appropriate imaging method for different clinical problems
   2. Interpretation of imaging findings in relation to the clinical respiratory presentation
2. Comparative radiation burden of commonly used imaging methods in children, and the ability to balance the risks and benefits

Epidemiology, diagnosis, management and complications of respiratory infections, including recognition of long-term effects of common infections.

1. Acute upper respiratory tract infections
2. Acute lower respiratory tract infections
3. Pleural infections
4. TB and non-TB mycobacterial diseases
5. Recognition of high-risk situations and appropriate referral
6. Recognition of protracted bacterial bronchitis and non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis and knowledge of when to refer a patient for further investigation
   1. Aetiology and pathophysiology of bronchiectasis
7. Lung involvement in an immunocompromised host
   1. Recognition of possible complications of immunodeficiencies and indications for referral
8. Immunisations for respiratory pathogens
   1. Local availability of immunisations
   2. Local and international guidelines for use and administration of immunisations
   3. Advise families and healthcare workers about the need for and timing of immunisations
   4. Ability and willingness to communicate the benefits, risks and limitations of immunisations
   5. Understanding of the perceived risks of immunisations
9. Accuracy and interpretation of microbiological tests
   1. Diagnostic accuracy of available tests
   2. Optimal methods for collection and processing of specimens
   3. Ability to advise healthcare workers about collection and processing of specimens
   4. Management of unexpected results

1. Phenotypes and their different pathologies and long-term outcomes (including underlying pathophysiology and basic epidemiology)
   1. Asthma syndrome and its complexity, including the difference between allergic and non-allergic asthma and the various types of recurrent wheezing in preschool children
   2. Changing patterns of recurrent wheeze and asthma across children of different ages
2. Environmental factors relevant to asthma and other wheezing disorders
   1. Controversies surrounding allergen avoidance measures
   2. Interaction of physical activity, sports and asthma
   3. Gene-environment interactions, including the role of viral infections and their effect on the airways
   4. Influence of passive smoking and air pollution on asthma morbidity
3. Atypical wheezing and knowledge of when to refer a patient
4. Management of uncomplicated asthma and wheezing at different ages, including age-related pharmacology, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management
5. Difficult-to-treat asthma and when to refer patients with difficult and severe asthma

1. Anaphylaxis
   1. Current guidelines for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment
   2. Risks of anaphylaxis
   3. Management of an acute reaction
   4. Prescription of epinephrine appropriately and explain its correct use
2. Allergic rhinitis
   1. Current guidelines for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment
   2. Evaluation of the anterior portion of the nasal cavities
   3. Prescription of oral and topical treatments according to current guidelines
3. In vivo and in vitro testing for allergic disorders
   1. Normal values and the diagnostic accuracy of tests
   2. Physiological, technical and methodological aspects of these tests
   3. Performance of a skin prick test
   4. Supervision of others who perform tests
   5. Interpretation of results, including IgE values
4. Preventative measures
   1. Value of avoidance measures
   2. Current guidelines
   3. Appropriately prescribe or advise on avoidance measures
5. Diagnosis and basic management of associated allergic conditions
   1. Current guidelines for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment
   2. Initiation of topical treatment according to current guidelines
   3. Recognition of a child with a suspected food allergy
   4. Differentiate food sensitivity across different age groups
   5. Initiation of appropriate investigations and knowledge of when to refer a patient
6. Difficulties and complications of exclusion diets

1. Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology and prognosis (for paediatricians who perform shared care; be able to provide counselling)
   1. Genotype identification, its relevance to basic cellular abnormalities and its relationship with structural and functional pathology Epidemiology, diagnosis, management and complications of:
2. CF lung disease
   1. Principles of drug treatment, aerosol therapy and physiotherapy
   2. Nutritional requirements
   3. Recognition of possible pulmonary complications of CF lung disease and appropriately refer a patient
   4. Psychosocial and developmental issues related to CF
   5. Interpretation of clinical features and clinical test results
   6. Burden of disease and treatment on the child and his/her family
   7. Indications for the use of CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulators
3. Extrapulmonary manifestations of CF including nutrition
   1. Range of presentations of CF
   2. Recognition of extrapulmonary manifestations of CF
   3. Holistic approach for clinical care
4. Microbiology relevant to CF, including cross-infection
   1. Knowledge of the relevant respiratory pathogens
   2. Problems associated with cross-infection from respiratory aspects in CF
5. Collection of appropriate respiratory specimens from children of all ages

1. Presentation of common congenital malformations that affect the respiratory system
2. Antenatal diagnosis and management
   1. Basic knowledge of options for antenatal diagnosis and management of congenital thoracic malformations
3. Follow-up and long-term outcomes. Basic knowledge of:
   1. Long-term outcome and possible late complications of congenital thoracic malformations
   2. Advantages and disadvantages of surgical versus “watch and wait” approaches
   3. Assessment and management of thoracic cage deformities

1. Pulmonary vasculature and lymphatic drainage
2. Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
3. Right ventricular anatomy

1. Immunology

1. Physiology of tidal breathing
2. Active inspiration and passive expiration
3. Relative elastic properties of the lung and chest wall
4. Understanding lung volumes
5. Transpulmonary pressures and breathing
6. Changes in intrathoracic pressure
7. Disease-specific effects on ventilation
8. COPD and interstitial lung disease (ILD)

1. Normal pulmonary vascular pressures and flows
2. Effects of exercise
3. Active hypoxic and neurohumoral regulation of pulmonary circulation
4. Pulsatile flow pulmonary haemodynamics
5. Non-invasive evaluation of pulmonary circulation
6. Invasive evaluation of pulmonary circulation
7. Interpretation of pulmonary vascular resistance
8. Components of pulmonary vascular load, right ventricular function (systolic and diastolic)

1. Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO)
2. Definition
3. Technique
4. Calculation of TLCO and measurement of carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO)
5. Implications of KCO × alveolar volume (VA) = TLCO

1.Field tests versus ergometer/treadmill tests

1. Maximal incremental test
2. Walking tests: 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) and incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT)
3. Indications for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
4. Exercise variables and indexes
5. Maximal V'O2, heart rate (HR) and ventilation
6. Lactate threshold/ventilatory thresholds
7. Oxygen pulse-HR reserve and maximum predicted HR: V'E-V'CO2 slope and ventilatory equivalent
8. Carbon dioxide-breathing reserve
9. Dynamic hyperinflation
10. Arterial oxygen desaturation
11. Tolerable limit of exercise and “isotime” measurements
12. CPET response patterns
13. Ventilatory response
14. Pulmonary gas exchange
15. Cardiovascular response
16. Exercise testing in prognostic evaluation
17. Evaluation of the effects of therapeutic interventions
18. Somnography/polygraphy
19. Activity monitoring
20. Evaluation of psychological and social status: SYMPACT and EMPHASIS10 questionnaires

1. Evidence of right heart failure
2. Dyspnoea
3. Reducing exercise tolerance
4. Presyncope
5. Syncope
6. Chest tightness

1. Connective tissue disease (CTD)
2. Congenital heart disease
3. Hepatic disease
4. HIV
5. ILD including sarcoidosis
6. COPD including emphysema
7. Lung hypoventilation
8. Pulmonary embolic disease
9. Left heart failure
10. Genetic causes of PVD (i.e. BMPR2, EIF2AK4 and HHT genes)
11. Haematological diseases (e.g. polycythaemia rubra vera)
12. Portal hypertension

1. Acute pulmonary embolism
2. Chronic thromboembolic disease
3. Evidence of congenital heart disease
4. Abnormal pulmonary venous return
5. Enlarged pulmonary arteries
6. Dilated right heart
7. Right ventricular hypertrophy
8. Mosaicism 9.Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
9. Pulmonary vein stenosis

1. Use of right heart catheterisation
2. Definition of pulmonary hypertension (PH)
3. Indications, physiologic considerations and interpretation of exercise haemodynamic testing

1. Recognition of Sarcoidosis and its association with PH
2. Recognition of PH as a poor prognostic factor in sarcoidosis
3. Effects of drug therapy on PH

1. Prognostic factors associated with ILD and PVD
2. Classification of ILD
3. Limitations/dangers of PAH therapies in ILD

1. ILD associated with CTD
2. Prognostic factors associated with ILD
3. List treatment choices

1. Identification of causes of PVD from drug history
   1. Anorexigens
   2. Amphetamines
   3. Selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors
   4. Interferon
   5. Chemotherapeutic agents (alkylating agents)

1. Identification of PE
2. Differential diagnosis of PE
3. Aetiology of PE
4. Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index score and risk stratification of PE
5. Management of PE without acute hemodynamic compromise
6. Conditions/diseases associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease
7. Current indications for prophylaxis against thromboembolic disease
8. Adverse effects associated with anticoagulation therapy
9. Interpretation of blood cell counts and coagulation laboratory tests
10. Drug indications and their appropriate dosages
11. Willingness to consider potential candidates for prophylaxis against thromboembolic disease
12. Prophylaxis against thromboembolic disease
13. Conditions/diseases associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease
14. Adverse effects associated with anticoagulation therapy
15. Interpretation of coagulation laboratory tests
16. Drug indications and their appropriate dosages
17. Genetic risk factors for thrombosis and their impact on clinical decisions
18. Indications for targeted thrombosis (interventional radiology) and embolectomies
19. Diagnosis and management of CTEPH
20. Indications for thrombophilia screening
21. ndications for inferior vena cava filter placement
22. Follow-up after PE presentation, e.g. risk scoring (such as DASH) to discuss the risks/benefits of anticoagulation therapy
23. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy

1. Pathophysiology of PH
2. Pharmacological treatment of PH according to underlying disease
3. Diagnosis of PH and cor pulmonale
4. Risk stratification
5. Translating national and international management guidelines to an individual patient
6. Appropriate decisions for referral and transfer to specialised referral centres
7. Prognosis of patients with PH in acute care settings
8. Indications for systemic pharmacotherapy
9. Indications for combination therapy
10. Indications for intravenous therapy
11. Chronic monotherapy or combination systemic therapy
12. Institute general therapeutic and supportive measures

1. Pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis
2. Differential diagnoses, diagnostic steps and therapeutic options for pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis
3. Triage by severity
4. Indications for radiological evaluation
5. Indications for bronchoscopic evaluation

1. Symptoms of AV malformation
2. Diseases associated with AV malformation (e.g. hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia)
3. Diagnostic strategies when AV malformation is suspected
4. Therapeutic interventions

1. Differentiate between cardiac and pulmonary disease as a cause of acute respiratory failure
2. Recognition of cardiac disease as an aetiology of PH
3. Monitoring cardiac dysfunction in PVD patients via clinical, laboratorial, functional, echocardiographic and radiological means
4. Principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring (e.g. Swan-Ganz catheterisation)
5. Cardiovascular effect of positive pressure ventilation
6. Congenital heart diseases and Eisenmenger syndrome

1. Portopulmonary hypertension
2. Hepatopulmonary syndrome

1. Pleura
2. Lungs
3. Bronchopulmonary segments
4. Trachea and bronchi
5. Hila
6. Pulmonary vasculature and lymphatic drainage
7. Mediastinum
8. Diaphragm
9. Pulmonary lobules (site of infections can be lobar or segmental specific)

1. Ciliary mechanisms
2. Anatomical barriers (including epithelial barrier function and how this is influenced by pathogens)
3. Innate immune defence mechanisms, e.g. recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by structural cells (airway epithelium) and subsequent anti-microbial and pro-inflammatory responses
4. Reflex mechanisms (sneezing, cough and dyspnoea)
5. Mucociliary clearance and fluid homeostasis
6. Innate defence mechanisms (broad outline): professional phagocytes
7. Acquired immune reactions with immunoglobulin and the role of IgM, IgG and IgA
8. IgG subclasses and IgE
9. Type 1 and type 2 inflammation
10. Granulomatous inflammation/fibrosis induced by the cell-mediated immune response

1. Physiology of tidal breathing: active inspiration and passive expiration
2. Relative elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall
3. Lung volumes
4. Transpulmonary pressures and breathing

1. Step 1: Evaluate the utility of ABG, capillary blood gas and venous blood gas
2. Step 2: Diagnosis of A-B disorders: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationship between arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH
3. Step 3: A-B disorders: importance of the D(A-a) difference, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), the alveolar gas equation and measuring oxygen shunts
4. Management of clinical diseases, e.g. COPD and sepsis with A-B disorders in ABG
5. Ventilation-perfusion defect

1. Cough
2. Colour and nature of sputum (clear mucoid, purulent, haemoptysis, etc.)
3. Pleuritic chest pain
4. Fever versus night sweats
5. Wheezing
6. Haemoptysis (streak/blob, associated sputum, quantity and massive haemoptysis)
7. Chest wall pain
8. Fatigue/malaise
9. Dyspnoea
10. Weight loss

1. Temperature
2. Finger clubbing
3. Cyanosis
4. Respiratory rate
5. Saturation
6. Heart rate
7. Hypotension and shock 
8. Consolidation 
9. Pleural effusion
10. Accessory muscle use
11. Wheezing and stridor

1. Common upper respiratory tract syndromes (including acute infective rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis and laryngotracheitis)
2. Acute bronchitis
3. Exacerbation of asthma
4. Exacerbation of COPD
5. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) including nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP)
6. Nosocomial pneumonia
7. Seasonal influenza
8. Acute bronchiolitis
9. Exacerbation of bronchiectasis
10. Pulmonary TB

1. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
2. Brushing samples
3. Protected sampling in an intensive care unit (ICU) to prevent upper airway contamination
4. Biopsy for culture

1. Transbronchial lung biopsy cultures, and culture and analysis of transbronchial needle aspirates (for differential diagnosis)
2. GeneXpert

1. Indications
2. Knowledge of indications for thoracentesis and biopsy
3. Thoracentesis
4. Interpretation of results
5. Biochemical analysis for differential diagnosis

1. Oxygen therapy 
2. Sedation 
3. Pain therapy

1. Vaccination
   1. Influenza
   2. Pneumococcal
   3. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)
   4. Other vaccinations
2. Smoking cessation
3. Dental care
4. Aspiration management
5. Infection control
6. Cough hygiene
7. Infection surveillance
8. Universal precautions for respiratory isolation
9. Isolation and reverse isolation, including specific microbes in cystic fibrosis (CF) and bronchiectasis (e.g. Pseudomonas)
10. Infectious risks to healthcare workers (HCWs): control and elimination of TB including the BCG vaccine
11. Segregation under infection control and relevance to CF and TB
12. Study of TB patient contacts, TB isolation criteria and indications for diagnosis and treatment of TB
13. Role of air pollution

1. Empyema
2. Indications for and management of chest tube insertion
3. Endopleural lysis

1. Course of opportunistic infections after lung transplantation
2. Differentiation between organ rejection and infection
3. Prophylaxis
4. Post-transplant management

1. CAP
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
3. Sepsis
4. Bioterrorism

1. Differential diagnosis using clinical and radiological findings of infectious diseases (i.e. those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria and other difficult-to-treat microorganisms) in contrast with those of non-infectious disorders

1. Time to first intravenous antibiotics
2. Use of oxygen (pneumonia versus COPD)
3. Sepsis

1. CAP
2. HAP
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
4. NHAP

1. Common upper respiratory tract syndromes (including acute infective rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, laryngotracheitis and tonsillitis)
2. Allergies and the upper respiratory tract

1. Molecular mechanisms of exacerbation
2. Infectious management of exacerbation
3. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
4. Infectious causes of eosinophilia

1. Consideration of TB in the differential diagnosis of respiratory infections
2. Epidemiology, burden of disease and risk factors: know when to investigate and what tests to ask for
3. Indication for isolation and discontinuation of isolation
4. Risk factors for MDR/XDR TB
5. Drug susceptibility and treatment
6. Directly observed therapy (DOT) / Video observed therapy (VOT)
7. Miliary TB
8. Adverse events (AEs)
9. Diagnostic tests
10. Molecular tests
11. WGS

1. Differential diagnosis
2. Diagnosis of lymphatic TB and indication for EBUS
3. Rate of associations with pulmonary TB
4. Role of immunological tests for increasing the probability of diagnosis in patients with relevant risk factors and symptoms
5. Pleural TB

1. Diagnosis
2. Contact investigation
3. Treatment
4. Surveillance of side effects
5. Alternative regimens in case of AEs
6. Treatment of latent TB infection in immunocompromised patients
7. Selection of candidates to treat

1. Adherence to diagnostic criteria
2. Indication for treatment
3. Treatment
4. Monitoring of drug responses including relapse, re-infection and cure
5. Epidemiology and risk factors for NTM
6. Clinical presentation of NTM diseases
7. HIV co-infection
8. Immunosuppression

1. Management of pneumonia
2. Rationale for the use of guidelines for antibiotic therapy
3. Management of severe exacerbation of COPD

1. Differential diagnosis and testing
2. Treatment
3. Antibiotics
4. When to perform surgery
5. Oesophageal perforations
6. Transoesophageal fistulae

1. Patterns of pulmonary involvement in primary immunodeficiency disorders
2. Recognition, assessment and management of the severity of respiratory disease in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders
3. Appropriate vaccination and prophylaxis regimens
4. Emphasise the most common primary immunodeficiency syndromes

1. Indications for screening

1. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
2. Infection control and cross-infection
3. Infection surveillance
4. Microbiological evaluation
5. Universal precautions
6. Isolation and reverse isolation
7. Physiotherapy
8. Particularities in treatment (pharmacokinetics)
9. Immunomodulatory drugs
10. Antibiotic management for eradication
11. Suppression
12. Acute exacerbation 
13. New CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-specific medications
14. Non-respiratory management
15. CFTR modulators
16. NTM infections in CF
17. When and how to go for screening

1. Differential diagnosis and recognition of primary ciliary dyskinesia
2. Diagnostic testing
3. Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia
4. α1-antitrypsin

1. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle
   1. Basic neural processes and transmitters that control wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep states
2. Sleep architecture in a normal adult
   1. Ageing process from foetal life to old age affects the sleep cycle

1. Factors that control breathing during sleep and wakefulness
2. Ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxaemia (including loop gain), arousal and the apnoea threshold
3. Molecular mechanisms of hypercapnia and hypoxemia e.g. master regulators and signalling pathways involved
4. Functional anatomy of the upper airway
5. Factors that cause upper airway collapse during sleep
6. Relation of control of breathing and upper airway function to the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and central sleep apnoea (CSA)
7. Influence of respiratory mechanics and ventilation from pathology
8. Sleep-related changes in respiratory mechanics in the aetiology of nocturnal hypoventilation

1. Cardiovascular function (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate) during sleep and arousal from sleep
2. Impact of sleep on autonomic regulation and the consequences of sleep pathology, e.g. in OSA and CSA

1. Utility of ABG, capillary blood gas and venous blood gas
   1. Diagnosis of A-B disorders: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and pH
   2. A-B disorders: importance of the D(A-a) difference, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), the alveolar gas equation and measuring oxygen shunts

1. Obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS), CSA, periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), nocturnal hypoventilation and upper airway resistance syndrome
2. Epidemiology of OSAHS and CSA
3. Clinical phenotypes of OSA and their relationship to the underlying pathophysiology

1. Sleep history including:
   1. Sleepiness and fatigue
   2. Insomnia
   3. Poor sleep quality
   4. Nocturnal choking and gasping
   5. Snoring
   6. Morning headaches
   7. Impotence
   8. Low mood or labile mood
   9. Memory disturbance
   10. Differential diagnosis of sleepiness and insomnia, e.g. consider lifestyle choices, sleep hygiene and medication
2. Signs
   1. Clinical examination of the upper airway, nasal obstruction, tonsils and adenoids
   2. Craniofacial disorders
   3. Hypothyroidism
   4. Obesity
3. Comorbidities, e.g. COPD, chest wall disease, neuromuscular or neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease and endocrine or metabolic disorders

1. Usage of questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale, STOP-BANG score, Berlin questionnaire and SF-36
2. Identification of high-risk patients, e.g. those with severe sleepiness, unstable cardiac disease, nocturnal arrhythmia or baseline hypoxaemia or those who drive or have another occupational risk

1. Methodology of different sleep tests (oximetry, respiratory polygraphy and full polysomnography (PSG))
2. Limitations of overnight oximetry, respiratory polygraphy, PSG, and home versus hospital-based sleep studies
3. Appreciation of which patients to refer for PSG, e.g. those with an unclear diagnosis on respiratory polygraphy, a poor treatment response or a suspected non-respiratory sleep disorder such as narcolepsy or restless leg syndrome
4. Identification of cases that require further specialised examinations, e.g. ear-nose-throat (ENT) review of the upper airway
5. Review of cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic disorders often associated with OSA
6. High cardio-metabolic risks associated with untreated OSA
7. Value of making lifestyle improvements including weight loss, adherence to drug treatment for hypertension or diabetes, smoking cessation and alcohol reduction

1. Role of capnography in patients with nocturnal hypoventilation
2. Limitations of overnight transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TCO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitoring
3. Use of capnography to establish ventilator settings

1. Distinguish mild, moderate and severe cases of OSA from normal results and upper airway resistance syndrome
2. Lifestyle interventions including weight loss, smoking cessation, alcohol reduction, avoidance of night sedation and sensible sleep hygiene measures
3. Role of ENT intervention
4. Role and types of mandibular advancement splints and other oral devices
5. Definition of positional sleep apnoea and the role of positional devices
6. Indications for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
7. Differences between fixed level CPAP, variable CPAP, and bi-level positive pressure therapy
8. Identification of patients to refer for these interventions depending on local pathways
9. CPAP-related side effects such as interface problems, airway drying and sleep disturbance
10. Issues leading to poor adherence and how these may be addressed
11. Different ways of monitoring positive pressure therapy: clinic visits, data downloads from devices and telemonitoring
12. Follow-up including assessment of the efficacy of therapy in controlling OSA and also the impact on comorbidities and health-related quality of life
13. Importance of explaining the rationale and likely outcomes of treatment to patients and of providing advice about medico-legal aspects such as driving
14. Awareness and importance of following local guidelines on the diagnosis and management of OSAHS

1. Principles of the tests for assessing excessive daytime somnolence in patients with respiratory and non-respiratory sleep conditions, their advantages, their imitations and which patients to refer for these, including:
   1. Sleep questionnaires
   2. Sleep diary
   3. Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
   4. Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) OSLER wake test

1. Principles of circadian rhythms and their impact on the sleep-wake cycle across a range of ages
2. Molecular basis of the circadian rhythm and its dysfunction in disease
3. Impact of circadian disruption such as shift work and jet lag
4. Interactions between work and SDB e.g. shift work
5. Other circadian disorders such as delayed and advanced sleep phase disorders
6. Role of interventions such as melatonin and bright-light therapy
7. Identification of patients to refer for actigraphy and the advantages and disadvantages of this investigation

1. Medico-legal, social and economic impacts of respiratory sleep disorders

1. Carcinogenesis
   1. Basic principles of carcinogenesis, including the dysplastic lesion-carcinoma in situ-invasive lesion sequence
   2. Tumour immunology
   3. Basic principles related to tumour immunology, including the general structure of innate and adaptive immune recognition and immune responses in humans as well as the elimination-equilibrium-escape sequence
2. Hallmarks of cancer
   1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
   2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
   3. Evasion from programmed cell death (apoptosis)
   4. Limitless replicative potential
   5. Sustained angiogenesis
   6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
   7. Deregulated metabolism
   8. Evasion from the immune system
   9. Genome instability
   10. Inflammation

1. Current epidemiology of active and passive smoking, heated tobacco products and smokeless tobacco products as well as other smoked or vape-related products worldwide and nationally in relation to thoracic malignancies
2. Pathogenic mechanisms of active and passive smoking, heated tobacco products and smokeless tobacco products related to thoracic malignancies
3. Socio-economic and cultural aspects of tobacco consumption related to thoracic malignancies

1. Basic principles of indoor and outdoor pollution related to thoracic malignancies

1. Occupational carcinogens that cause thoracic malignancies; causal relationships

1. Asbestos-related diseases
2. Non-malignant pleural manifestations (acute benign pleural effusions, rounded atelectasis, diffuse pleural thickening and pleural plaques)
3. Malignant pleural mesothelioma
4. Asbestosis
5. Lung cancer related to asbestos

1. Low dose computed tomography (CT) as an evidence-based measure for lung cancer screening in high risk populations

1.Symptoms as potential indicators of thoracic oncological disease:

1. Dyspnoea
2. Dysphagia
3. Chest pain
4. Bone pain
5. Headache
6. Tiredness
7. Cough
8. Haemoptysis
9. Wheezing
10. Stridor
11. Hoarseness
12. Weight loss
13. Diaphragmatic elevation
14. Pleural effusion
15. Pericardial effusion
16. Superior vena cava syndrome
17. Pancoast syndrome
18. Horner syndrome
19. Enlarged, non-moveable and/or indurated cervical, supraclavicular or nuchal lymph nodes
20. Neurological signs or symptoms
    1. Awareness of paraneoplastic syndromes including:
21. Cachexia
22. Hypercalcemia
23. Thromboses and pulmonary embolism
24. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (hyponatremia)
25. Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome
26. Lambert-Eaton syndrome
27. Clubbing and periostitis

1. Chest X-ray
2. Thoracic ultrasound
3. Computed tomography (CT) scan
4. Positron emission tomography (PET)
5. PET-CT
6. Ventilation perfusion scan
7. Bone scan
8. Octreotide scan
9. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
10. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
11. Basic principles of each imaging modality as well as basic radioprotection measures

1. Indications, contraindications, limitations and benefit-risk assessment for diagnostic flexible and rigid bronchoscopy and diagnostic techniques in the context of thoracic oncology
2. Indications, contraindications, limitations and benefit-risk assessment for therapeutic bronchoscopy in the context of thoracic oncology (stents, cryotherapy, laser techniques, argon plasma, brachytherapy, electrocautery and photodynamic therapy)
3. Principles of discontinuation and bridging of anticoagulants
4. Principles of sedation

1. Indications, contraindications, limitations and benefit-risk assessment for each procedure in the context of thoracic oncology
2. Different ranges of the methods
3. Basic lymph node anatomy/stations of the mediastinum
4. Principles of discontinuation and bridging of anticoagulants
5. Principles of sedation

1. Basic principles of palliative care in thoracic oncology including its early integration as well as end-of-life care
2. Basic principles and options regarding treatment of the following tumour-related symptoms and complications:
   1. Dyspnoea
   2. Pain
   3. Tracheobronchial stenosis
   4. Haemoptysis

1. Teach the patient to recognise early side effects and to contact his/her physician
2. Importance of a multidisciplinary team for both acknowledgement of the patient and provision of care and surveillance

1. Basic principles of management of the following paraneoplastic syndromes:
   1. Cachexia
   2. Hypercalcemia
   3. Thromboses and pulmonary embolism
   4. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (hyponatremia)
   5. Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome
   6. Lambert-Eaton syndrome
   7. Clubbing and periostitis
2. Awareness that the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes per se does not exclude curative treatment in thoracic oncology

1. Prevention of thromboembolism in thoracic oncology
2. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in thoracic oncology

1. Indications, contraindications, limitations and benefit-risk assessment for thoracentesis including a chest tube and a tunnelled indwelling pleural catheter
2. Principles of discontinuation and bridging of anticoagulants
3. Principles of sedation

1. Side effects of chemotherapy and their management
   1. Haematological side effects: neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, anaemia and thrombopenia
   2. Mucositis/oesophagitis
   3. Alopecia and dermatological toxicity
   4. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
   5. Neurotoxicity
   6. Ototoxicity
   7. Hepatic toxicity
   8. Nephrotoxicity
   9. Cardiovascular toxicity
   10. Extravasation: infertility and teratogenesis
   11. Electrolyte imbalance
   12. Side effect in patients with thoracic oncological disease treated with systemic therapy
2. Side effects of targeted therapy and their management
   1. Dermatological toxicity
   2. Diarrhoea
   3. Hepatic toxicity
   4. Cardiovascular toxicity
   5. Pulmonary toxicity
   6. Nephrotoxicity
   7. Side effect in patients with thoracic oncological disease treated with targeted therapy
3. Side effects of immunotherapy and their management
   1. Pneumonitis
   2. Dermatological toxicities
   3. Hepatic toxicity
   4. Cardiovascular toxicity (e.g. myocarditis)
   5. Endocrinological toxicities
   6. Nephrotoxicity
   7. Neurological toxicities
   8. Side effect in patients with thoracic oncological disease treated with immunotherapy

1. Radiation-induced pneumonitis (short-term) and fibrosis (long-term)
2. Radiation-induced oesophagitis
3. Cardiac toxicity
4. Tracheal complications
5. Skin reactions
6. Secondary malignancy
7. Radiation-induced side effect in patients with thoracic malignancies treated with radiotherapy

1. Basic principles of solitary pulmonary nodule management including radiological characteristics as well as core diagnostic and follow-up strategies
2. Up-to-date guidelines for the management of solitary pulmonary nodules

1. Basic principles of diagnostic (recommended procedures and histopathology) and therapeutic management of malignant pleural mesothelioma including multi-modal treatment modalities

1. Basic principles of diagnostic and therapeutic management of common mediastinal tumours (thymoma and lymphoma)